What is Hashimoto’s Syndrome? Hashimoto’s Syndrome (also known as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, or chronic autoimmune thyroiditis) is one of the most common disorders affecting thyroid function. It is an autoimmune disorder which occurs when the immune system attacks the thyroid gland, causing reduced hormone production (hypothyroidism). Although the condition may result in serious...
Cortisol is a hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex, commonly referred to as the “stress hormone” due to its role in the body’s stress response. It accounts for over 80% of the total concentration of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids in the blood. Most cortisol in the blood is bound to transcortin (corticosteroid-binding globulin, CBG) and albumin (around 90%)....
Prolactin (PRL, PRH), also known as luteotropic hormone (LTH), is secreted by the mammotropic cells of the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary gland). It is responsible for breast growth and lactation during pregnancy and after childbirth. During breastfeeding, the baby’s contact with the nipple triggers the secretion of a hormone called oxytocin in the mother’s body, produced...
Urea is often marked as BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen) in medical practice. Measuring urea is a common routine lab test, providing essential information about kidney and liver function. When proteins are broken down in the liver, they produce amino acids. Further breakdown of these amino acids generates ammonia, a toxic gas. The body removes ammonia...
What is Histamine? Histamine was first pharmacologically described as an endogenous substance in 1910. It is a biogenic amine synthesized by decarboxylation from an amino acid called histidine. In humans, histamine is a crucial mediator of biological responses, playing a role in the early stages of anaphylactic reactions (immediate-type allergies). How is Histamine Formed? Histamine...
Hypoglycemia Hypoglycemia is a condition characterized by low blood sugar (glucose) levels. A drop in blood sugar can result from fasting, prolonged physical activity, or can occur after waking up, before meals (on an empty stomach), or even a few hours after an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT). Each cause requires a specific approach and...
What is anemia? Anemia is a medical term that describes a deficiency of healthy red blood cells (erythrocytes) in the body. It can be caused by genetic predisposition or by iron deficiency due to inadequate nutrition or improper iron absorption in the body. Symptoms of anemia The symptoms of anemia can be mild and almost...
Inhibin B as a Biomarker of Spermatogenesis in Men and Ovarian Reserve in Women What is Inhibin B? Inhibin B is a glycoprotein produced in the testes (by Sertoli cells) in men and in the ovaries (by granulosa cells) in women. It consists of two subunits connected by a disulfide bond, an alpha subunit and...
What is cholesterol? Cholesterol belongs to a group of compounds known as sterols. It is only found in animal tissues, while plants contain phytosterols. Is cholesterol harmful? In recent times, cholesterol has gained a bad reputation. But is it really harmful? The answer is NO. Cholesterol is vital for every cell in the body, playing...
What is Homocysteine? Homocysteine is a compound that naturally forms in our body during the metabolism of the amino acid methionine (an essential amino acid). In healthy cells, homocysteine is rapidly converted into other products. The metabolism of homocysteine requires B vitamins: folic acid (folate), vitamin B12, vitamin B6, and riboflavin. Due to a deficiency...
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