Gilbert’s syndrome is named after the French physician Augustin Gilbert, who first described it. It is characterized by a mildly elevated concentration of total bilirubin in the blood (unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia). This is the most common form of hereditary hyperbilirubinemia. It occurs in 2–7% of the general population and is four times more common in men than in women. Symptoms usually manifest in early childhood or adolescence.
Causes of Gilbert’s Syndrome
The cause of Gilbert’s syndrome is reduced activity of the enzyme glucuronosyltransferase, which conjugates bilirubin and enables its excretion into bile. As a result, bilirubin concentration in the blood increases.
The syndrome is often discovered incidentally during routine medical check-ups or by the appearance of yellow discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes (jaundice), which occurs due to a sudden rise in blood bilirubin levels. In some cases, an enlargement of the spleen and liver may be observed.
Common Symptoms of Gilbert’s Syndrome
Many individuals are unaware they have this syndrome due to the absence of symptoms. The most common symptoms include:
- Pain under the right ribcage
- Nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite
- Bloating, diarrhea, or constipation
- Psychological issues: headaches, anxiety, depression, irritability, nervousness, lack of concentration, sweating, heart palpitations, restlessness, and insomnia
Factors That Can Trigger a Sudden Bilirubin Spike and Jaundice in Gilbert’s Syndrome:
- Physical exertion and fatigue
- Fasting
- Pregnancy
- Alcohol consumption
- Infections
- Surgical procedures
- Certain medications
- Emotional stress
Treatment and Prevention
Gilbert’s syndrome is not treated. Patients are advised to focus on prevention by avoiding triggering factors and maintaining a proper diet.
For further information, consult your physician or visit the BioDiagnostica laboratory.
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