Polydipsia is the occasional or chronic intake of water. It is a symptom that describes an increased feeling of thirst. Polydipsia often occurs as one of the early symptoms of diabetes mellitus. It can also be caused by changes in the osmolality of the extracellular fluid in the human body, hypokalemia, or a decrease in blood volume.
Polydipsia – Can water be harmful?
Adequate daily water intake is essential for the proper functioning of our body, as the human body is composed of 70% water. Daily water needs vary depending on gender, age, physical activity, the state of health, external temperature, and other factors. Many people do not even consider that water intake can be harmful in any way. But is this really true?
What is Polydipsia?
Occasionally or chronically consuming large amounts of water is called polydipsia. It is also referred to in the literature by another name – PIP syndrome. It occurs due to:
- An increased feeling of thirst (which can be one of the first symptoms of diabetes mellitus or caused by a decrease in blood volume, changes in osmolality of extracellular fluids, or hypokalemia).
- In people who drink large amounts of water to lose weight or cleanse the body.
- In chronic psychiatric patients.
What is Hyperhydration?
Excessive water intake leads to hyperhydration, i.e., water intoxication, and its consequences can be fatal. Due to the presence of a large amount of water in the body, cells swell, and the liquid phase of the blood becomes diluted, as well as the extracellular space.
This leads to a decrease in the concentration of electrolytes (potassium and sodium ions) in the blood, which is risky for the body and can have fatal outcomes.
Consequences of Hyperhydration (Water Intoxication)
- Hypertension (high blood pressure)
- Edema (swelling) on the arms and legs
- Pulmonary edema may occur, leading to difficulty breathing (dyspnea), which can cause fluid accumulation in the lungs.
- Brain edema may occur, increasing intracranial pressure, causing headaches, vomiting, muscle weakness, confusion, etc.
Polydipsia
The diagnosis is made by a doctor based on the clinical picture, examination, and laboratory tests. In this case, the important parameter (aside from electrolytes) is hematocrit (Ht or Htc), which represents the percentage of blood composed of red blood cells (erythrocytes). Treatment is carried out under the strict supervision of a doctor, as diuretics are used to expel fluid from the body, which can also lead to electrolyte imbalances.
For further information, consult your physician.
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